Insulin Syringe. What is this?

Easy Touch Insulin Syringe

According to international estimates, more than four percent of the adult population suffers from a disease called diabetes. Despite the “dessert” concept, this disease is a huge problem for the sick person. Scientists have shown that diabetes can be inherited. But do not worry if your family has or had this kind of patients. Diabetes is not a viral disease. In addition, they cannot get, because the disease does not cause the bacteria. Patients with diabetes are constantly in need of medication. This is called insulin. The fact is that in diabetes in the blood does not have enough of this hormone. As a result, the sugar is simply not processed in the body of the patient, why can develop thrombosis and so on. Insulin – the hormone of the pancreas. It is of great importance in the daily work of the organs and systems of man. If it is not a man or a woman forced to comply with a special diet and administered daily dose of insulin. This can be done by special needle, which will be discussed later in this article.

Insulin syringe consists of a special body, the needle and plunger. In fact, this kind of arrangement is not much different from typical medical syringe. The only thing, it is much less. Nowadays people are increasingly using more modern syringes. For example, insulin pen. The difference is the following. This pen is, above all, from the so-called insulin cartridges, which are often referred to as cartridge or cartridge. The structure of such a syringe needle and also includes a special mechanism which makes piston operate automatically. Insulin pen in working order must be stored in specially its case. Recap the needle. Generally this type of insulin syringe containing a specific dose of the hormone. There are pens, a dose of which 0.5 units or, for example, one Unit.

Of course, to use a syringe pen is much more convenient. When compared with an ordinary syringe, perform the procedure and enter the injection with her man can own. In addition, due to the special mechanism, needle done quickly. One has only to click on the correct button. We should not forget that a pen injections less painful. This is because the insulin pen is very short and thin needle. It is comfortable to wear, because the case does not take much space in your bag or pocket. This reusable syringe. This is another plus. The most well-known manufacturers such “handles” are now considered “Plivapen” and “Humapen.”

Insulin pen must have a special window, which will be marked on the scale. With this sick person can continue to fairly easy to control insulin, setting just the right amount that you want specifically to him. As for the so-called replacement cartridges in the syringe, it will not take long. People will be able to change the cartridge in two minutes.

Insulin pen can be purchased at any pharmacy. It should be noted that these devices have become popular all over the world. Use the pen at any time. No need to spend a lot of your precious time to prepare the syringe handling the injection site, and the like. The cost depends on the type of pen manufacturer, the amount of shells and other items. Set your body needs insulin only with professional on the basis of special blood tests. Hurry to the doctor, listen to his advice and take care of your health!

Miss a Dog Alone?

What a joy it was to the family when we bought a puppy. We have long been preparing for this event. It is very difficult, it turned out, we select the appropriate breed by nature, because each has its own inherent qualities. With someone needs a lot of walking with someone engaged in the performance of training, someone must take on the hunting or combing several times a day.

Having defined the breed, we picked up a nursery, where, in our opinion, were the best representatives. We had to wait 3 months.
During this time, we bought a couple of things: a rug, bowls for food and water, all sorts of colorful toys, tweeters, vitamins and mineral supplements on the advice of breeders and much more.

We had a lot of information about what to feed the puppy, when to vaccinate, how to care for his hair, how to monitor the change of teeth and so on. But we did not know what to do, that our pet is pleased us with his behavior.

As time passed, he grew up, and our house has become a “battlefield.” The floor is broken claws and in some places dug up the concrete, wallpaper on the bottom of the wall is now missing scratched doors. When we come home from work, we met a lot of foul-smelling, and almost a flood in the kitchen. This is despite the fact that we honestly walk with the dog in the morning and evening for almost an hour.

All these details would be for us to tolerate, if not for the neighbors who complain about the constant howling and barking in our absence. Now we face a choice, or somehow fix everything that creates our dog, or we simply evicted.

During that time, until the dog with us we are so accustomed to it, love, and give it to the “good hands” is not acceptable, let alone put to sleep, like insisting bellicose neighbor.
This is one of the stories of those dog owners who are faced with the problem of fear of loneliness. Many believe that this behavior is caused by just the presence of boredom, which is trying to get rid of the dog described above.

But this opinion, we believe is absolutely wrong. If you try to understand what boredom is just an association with drowsiness, yawning and sleeping. Thus boredom dog for us is just an extremely desirable. During the absence of the hosts they are just sleeping. This is normal behavior alone.

What is the cause of abnormal behavior, which we have called above the fear of loneliness?

Usually – it’s dominance. What is it?

Any dog, regardless of its size and species, has characteristic of the behavior of the wolf. A dog that lives in the family believes it to his flock. In the pack there is a hierarchy, where a representative of other more important, in other words, he – leader of the pack. The higher the position of the animal in the hierarchy, the more he has the rights and benefits.

Usually, the leader sets the rules and demands of their performance (dominant). He always comes first, forcing the others to follow. The leader eats first. It can take food from other pack members. He is the initiator of all actions of the pack, whether it be playing or hunting. He sleeps on the hills. As is well acquainted with all the animated film about Mowgli, the leader Akella is always lying on a high rock.

Anyone who has faced the problem of destructive dog behavior at home during the absence of the hosts, allowed her to behave this way. Our experience shows that none of these people just had no idea that their dog feels the principal in relation to them. Such behavior is inherent in these dogs from birth, it determines how viable they will flock in the wild. The desire to lead the pack and become a leader is in each dog.

Therefore, in order to reduce the dominance of a dog, she cannot afford to behave like a leader. You need to behave themselves, that is:

– Always enter and exit the first in any door. That is, before the door, gate or gate, you have to stop, go first and then allow the dog to do it. The leader should always be first.
– Also, you must first climb up and down the stairs. The dog, thus, must go side by side or slightly behind.
– Completely ignore the dog when it requested a meal when you eat. During your meal, it can not be with you. After you eat, take a bowl in one hand and show her. In the other hand, take any piece of human food (cookies, candy, fruit or vegetables) and eat it in her eyes. Then give her a bowl. This way you will show your dog that you eat first, and defraud her of her food, as does this leader of the pack.
– Ignore the dog if it sticks to you with a desire to play or wants you to caress her. Tell her strictly “Fu” or “not” and do not pay attention to it. If you want to own it to play or cuddle it, Call it 1-2 a minute, praise her, play and cuddle. The leader is the initiator of all actions of the pack.
– Be sure to decline to lie on beds, chairs, etc. At higher elevations is the leader and the dog tries to push you, “his office”

If you are faced with the fact that the dog finds a home, you must also begin to engage with it in training of a novice with an experienced instructor individually or on a training club in the group with other dogs.
The problem of dominance can not be corrected to include the radio or TV during the absence of the hosts. Nothing happens if you leave a toy with a record of your voice. The dog will demand your return as you its slave, and she is, roughly speaking, your boss. Often, even the presence in the room other animals or people she does not think the members of his flock, cannot prevent the dog’s excitement, her howling, barking, jumping on the door, etc. And if you close it in one of the rooms, donating it to the pogrom that can protect your neighbors from noise published?

To correct the fear of loneliness must do the following exercise.

Close the dog in the room or on the balcony and wait for one, without going to it.
If she whines, scratches or shows any other concern, it should be ignored.

After 3 minutes, if it has not ceased to behave this way, go into the room, but as if you do not have a dog. Let her out of the room should not be. Walk around the room without even looking at her. If the dog jumps, not repel it, leave the room.
Wait a bit. If the dog stopped, it is necessary to enter and praise her, give a treat, and leave again. If you still whines, then go back, go, completely ignoring. Again leave until then the dog stops whining. It usually takes between 5 and repeat 12 times.

As soon as the stop whining, come and praise. Each time, increase the time that she was sitting quietly. That is, the first time, when the dog stops whining, just come in and praise, for the second time in 10-15 seconds, then after a minute, etc.

It is necessary that the first time you perform this exercise; it is not whined at least 3-4 times in a row. This may take 2-3 hours. If the dog begins to whine and did not stop, come in and ignore.

This exercise is designed to reduce the pleasure of a dog howling and anxiety, as we cease to praise her for it. On the contrary, we praise her for her calm demeanor. Eventually, the dog realizes that solitude is fine, but when the owner comes home compliments and wishes for her that she is calm and does not notice her if she “hooligans”. For dogs, what they fail to notice and ignore the far more vexing any other punishment (shouting, swearing, beating, etc.).

In addition to dominance, fear, loneliness can be caused by the fact that the dog is not accustomed to a stay at home. This happens when people take a puppy with small children and always sits with him at home, never leaving him alone. Then circumstances change, and the dog is no one to stay. Such abrupt changes cannot afford to move many of the dogs, regardless of their breed.

When you buy a puppy, it must be left alone. Then you can leave the apartment a short time, gradually increasing the period of absence.

As a result, we believe that any breed of dog can safely tolerate the absence of hosts, if, after purchase the puppy, leave them alone and they are engaged in the above-described methods. That is, there are no excess breeds of dogs, which is completely absent fear of loneliness. Experience shows that such a seemingly bedroom of breed of dogs, an English bulldog, Yorkshire terrier, toy terrier, Labrador may have a fear of loneliness. Rather, it is the result of improper handling of a dog-and-error in the education, not racial characteristic.

Dogs who do not fear loneliness, you can leave with friends and relatives. They are easy to move it. In other words, they are simply bored to sleep.

It is believed that there are breeds of dogs, house breaking content that they mind. This is misleading. There are breeds of dogs are active. They usually have a lot of walking. Therefore, many feel that these dogs can not be kept in the apartment. We think that if you provide dog walking sufficient to meet its activity, the breed does not matter. Psyche can spoil rather than flats content, and mishandling the dog and the mistakes in the upbringing.

Children, Dogs and All of Us …

Gets a dog for the children out of every five of those who gets it. And, of course, rightly so, because the dog – this is a friend and nurse, and the uncle and his younger brother, and sometimes stern headmaster. And it would seem, no problems, but 18% of dog owners admit that their dogs growl and sometimes bite the younger family members. Therefore, when the adults want to grow in the garden of one and the children, and dogs, they must find the answers to the questions: What four-legged breed should start in such a case, and when?
I would not want to impose their views, especially since it is based on experience rather limited – lots of dogs, and lives alone. And among my friends are the family where English Cocker keeps all in awe and humility, and the family in which the Moscow guard – well, just a mother, a nurse on four legs. And advise here! So the experience of one person may be enough. But there is a social experience – the experience of each of us, neatly folded. Use it is very tempting.
It is believed that the dog is better start when your child is more than a year, provided that, if you both are going to educate themselves. If you want a dog involved in a child, wait until he turns fourteen. There are exceptions, but rely on them should not be. When the dog and children is particularly important Dog Training experience of adults, and if the dog previously you did not have, try to fill at least theoretically the problem of knowledge. Oh, and as it may seem strange, but my grandmother and grandfather – bad aides in growing dogs: they pamper them like grandchildren.
As for the choice of breed, then I suggest to everyone to take advantage of the most social experience and not to fill shishey dog on the rocks, which have already stumbled on the other. To do this, I asked for 230 with or without, but living next to the dogs Muscovites to answer two questions: “The most-the most the breed for a family with a child?” and “most-the most the breed for the education of a teenager?”. Of course, the most frequently mentioned the most common species, known to most respondents.
According to the survey found that of the 27 breeds that are recommended for bringing up a teenager in the top ten included the German and East European Shepherd, Airedale, Collie, Giant Schnauzer, Boxer, Schnauzer, Doberman, Flushing, and mongrel dogs. Less commonly recommended Dalmatian, Rottweiler, Newfoundland, poodles, dachshunds, and setters. Of those who offered to families with children, adolescents are not considered suitable Afghan Hound, Bernese Shepherd, Bloodhound, Kerry Blue Terrier, Pekingese, Scottish Terrier, French Bulldog lap dog, Irish wolfhound, a Chihuahua, white terrier, bull terrier, pug , miniature schnauzer, chow-chow, Moscow watchdog, bobtail, and St. Bernard.
I am glad that public opinion was demanding the choice of breed for teenagers. In fact, if an adult will lead the wrong dog, it can be dangerous, most likely, only for members of his family, and if not that the dog will bring out a teenager, it can hurt many people. And if public opinion offers a choice of 27 teenagers “food”, for the content in a family with a child allows 42 species, believing that there are no bad dogs.
With the proper education of an adult, a dog of almost any breed can get along very well in a family with a child. But anyway, the top ten breeds in this case are (in descending order of urgency guidelines) collie, St. Bernard, Newfoundland, spaniels, German shepherd, poodles, Schnauzers, Giant Schnauzer, Boxer and Airedale. Less often, but too often, it is advised bobtail, Labrador dog, dachshund, Moscow watchdog, Chows, Miniature Schnauzer, Rottweiler, Pug, Bull Terrier, and setters. Not excluded the mixing of children with sheltie, black terrier, Chihuahua, Central Asian Shepherd, Irish wolfhound, a mongrel, Alsatian, lapdogs, Bassett, French Bulldog, Whippets, Scottish terrier, Pekingese, Irish Terrier, Doberman, Bloodhound, Shepherd Berne and Afghan greyhound.
However, were never mentioned in the answers to both questions is the English Bulldog, Greyhound, Miniature Pinscher, Greyhound, Mastiff, and bullets, Russian Hound, Toy Terrier, and Japanese Chin. And most “childish” breeds of dogs were collies, German shepherd, Airedale and East European Shepherd, more often mentioned in the responses to both questions.

Diseases of Pigs.

All diseases of pigs mainly occur in the warm season – late spring and summer. Most other pigs exposed to the disease erysipelas, or rubella, which mainly captures the pigs aged 4 to 12 months.
Infection faces has the ability to persist very long time in the stalls, or pastures eaten by pigs rubella patients. She persists in box, which had been fertilized with manure of infected animals, and especially – in places where the corpses of the fallen were buried pigs.
Infection caught in the animal’s body produces its destructive effect immediately, is 3 – b, sometimes seven days before starting to show signs of disease. However, the disease, according to latency appears very rapidly. Swine suddenly become very restless: grunt, angrily rushing to stall, it is no longer there. Then they try to be somewhere in a cool dark place, burrow into the straw, where he lay motionless. They have a vomiting eyelids swell greatly, from my eyes flow with tears. After a while the diarrhea begins, at what discharge are extremely smelly and often with blood, and in the meantime on the skin (mainly – on the head, ears, belly) are red spots that become darker, so that white pigs have the same form if they were doused with Burakov kvas. The disease lasts sometimes 2-3, sometimes 3-4 days in most cases ends in death cases. In some cases, the face is a protracted form of the animals are sluggish, take a little food, lose weight, often lie on the chest, coughing. Recovery occurs rarely, in most cases, patients are gradually depleted, and falling. Sometimes this is added to all parts of the necrosis of the affected redness of the skin: The skin in these areas is no longer inflamed and sometimes falls off the ears, tail, etc.
Second, it is extremely contagious disease of pigs, it’s – cholera pigs. It affects mainly pigs and in most cases ends in death. Infection of cholera, based in large quantities of manure and urine of patients with fever, as erysipelas, – a very long time remained in force in damp places. From the beginning of infection until the first signs of the disease is usually 5 – 7 – 10 days. The first signs of cholera are very similar to the symptoms of erysipelas, lethargy, lack of urge to food, vomiting, constipation in the beginning, and then – diarrhea, which is often bloody. The illness usually lasts a little longer than the mug, and death occurs at 5-7 days. It is often the case that an animal is sick two or three weeks, until it comes complete exhaustion. Often, when cholera is a disease of the stomach and intestines (diarrhea) joins another lung disease that is recognized by frequent, painful cough and the expiration of the nose.
Swine fever in most cases occurs very rapidly. Begins abruptly, after a few hours after infection, plague immediately stuns animal, which appears so weak that it staggers when walking, and then formed on the skin red spots, often from the nose and anus, and bleeding occurs in a day, and sometimes even faster, death occurs. In cases where the disease is prolonged in patients with a cough, discharge from the nose, bloody diarrhea.
From the description of these diseases can be seen that by their appearance is extremely difficult to distinguish from one another not only a simple villager, but sometimes the veterinarian. But doctors can pinpoint the disease, making the study of the blood of sick animals. A precise definition of disease is extremely important, as for the treatment of each disease, there are special tools that can be applied by a doctor.
In view of the fact that the recognition of symptoms of the disease is extremely difficult, it should be, whenever in the economy appears “sea pigs” immediately notify the nearest veterinarian.
Treat the same without a doctor infected with erysipelas, plague, cholera or fever – a hopeless task.
Therefore, all the attention in the fight against “swine plague” should be reminded that in order to prevent occurrence of disease or prevent its dissemination. In the first case, you must not let the pigs suspected pastures, where there have been cases of case, do not let strangers walk in the crib and svinarnyam not put in the same room with the newly acquired domoroslymi pigs. At the first disease should immediately separate the healthy and surpass them in some remote area of the patients, give them a good, hearty food, adding to the drinking of hydrochloric acid (spoon in a bucket), do not let them on pasture. Fallen – deeply buried in such places do not go to healthy pigs. But the most correct way to prevent a swine erysipelas vaccine. Carry it should not when the pigs have already started to hurt, but before that, the best-spring. The desire to produce vaccinated pigs must notify their veterinarian well in advance: in early spring. Against cholera and swine fever vaccinations are usually applied already at the beginning of the disease, since they are and healing. In households where there was one of the specified diseases of pigs, it is necessary to produce disease after cessation of thorough cleaning of all rooms, where the sick pigs. Purification (“disinfectant“) is to clean the manure from the stables, and soot (manure is best to burn), ventilation, and then carefully pouring the floor, walls, as well as all subjects were in a stable solution creolin or carbolic acid (one hundred parts of water, three of drugs), or lime-water (30-35 pounds of lime buckets of water) and hot liquor.

Leukemia Virus in Cats.

Feline Leukemia Virus (WFC, FeLV, or from the English. Feline leukemia virus) – this is a well-known killer. FeLV weakens the immune system and also has a direct impact on the development of cancer in infected cats. This disease is considered the most dangerous infection in cats, resulting in death.
Although there is a vaccine against this deadly disease, they do not always give a positive result. As in the case of FIV, the best way to protect your cat from leukemia – to do the appropriate tests and to protect it from infected animals. Ideally, this means to keep her indoors only, one or the other, also non-infected cats.
Do tests to all new cats or kittens before bringing them into his house, where there are other cats. (Prior to vaccinate an animal, at first he in any case, do an analysis on the FeLV.) Your cats should also make the tests again after they have been in contact with potential carriers of FeLV, especially if your cat is bitten. Symptoms vary FeLV, so sick cat should be tested for FeLV. Cats walking on the street, or those who have been in contact with potential carriers of FeLV, testing should be done annually.
Most vets do a combined analysis for FIV and FeLV, which allows to determine the presence of both of these viral diseases with one blood sampling.
FeLV – this is very serious. Do not allow yourself to succumb to self-pity and take home a cat, she is not making pre-analysis on FeLV, especially if you are already living in the house of other cats. By doing so, you may be putting at risk the lives of their pet cats. But if it did happen and you find that allowed their contact with domestic cats FeLV-infected animals, do not panic. Isolate from infected their cats and take them to tests in accordance with the instructions of a veterinarian. After a contact transmission can not occur. Sometimes it takes a long time and repeated contact. So hope for the best and avoid further contact.
But what if analysis on your cat has FeLV was positive? The first thing you must understand that being a carrier of the virus does not mean to be sick. Some, in other respects healthy cats with a positive response to FeLV, live for months or even years without any symptoms of the disease. If an infected cat is the only thing your pet, the following guidelines. First, do not let her out, she was unable to infect other cats, as well as pick up any infections from them. Second, spend all the necessary preventive measures, the cat is not sick with something else, and collaborate with your veterinarian to diagnose and cure time associated with any FeLV disease that can develop in cats.
Most often the disease occurs in the form of lymphosarcoma, in particular the thymus. At the same time by progressive atrophy of the thymus and increases immunosuppression, neutropenia is detected. Sometimes the disease is in the form of myeloid leukemia. Sick cats are particularly susceptible to the virus to others, as well as to bacterial and fungal infections.
Symptoms. Cat exhausted, say fever, anorexia, lethargy, pallor of mucous membranes, glossitis, stomatitis, frequent breast cancer, glomerulonephritis, skin disease (demodicosis, sarcoptic mange), secondary infection. Signs of immune deficiency anemia, decreased hematocrit, atrophy of the thymus, and lymph nodes.

There are several options of the disease:
approximately 30% of the body produces antibodies, and the animal overcomes the viral infection;
40% of asymptomatic carriage is possible FeLV – these cats are the most dangerous source of infection of other cats, but eventually most of them due to the progressive destruction of immune system is developing one of the diseases peculiar to leukemia virus;
30% – a viral infection leads to severe neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid organs (lymphoma, lymphosarcoma).
In the diagnosis of particular importance is the identification of serum viral antigen p27 by using solid-phase enzyme immunoassay method (ELISA) and immunofluorescence analysis. According to recent data, a crucial role in determining the outcome of FeLV-infection in vaccinated cats or animals recovering from illness, acquired in a natural way to play a FeLV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
In contrast to FIV, FeLV virus can be defeated by the immune system of many cats. It is therefore important in two to three months after receiving (and confirmation) of a positive analysis for FeLV do retested.

Conjunctivitis in Birds.

Conjunctivitis – an inflammation of the conjunctiva – a transparent mucous membrane connecting the eye that covers the rear surface of the eyelids and front of the eye to the cornea.

The most frequent causes of disease – irritation of the eyes with smoke, corrosive gases, as well as – dust and other foreign bodies in the eye. It is known that small birds love to rub his head on the perch, especially after bathing. If the perch is dirty, they can clog the eye. On the tits, which are more likely to rub his head on the perch, why they occur frequently and conjunctivitis, in the past bird lovers say that they are overwritten by the eye.

In canaries and other birds conjunctivitis may develop after prolonged feeding of cannabis. In this case, along with eye disease occurs and intestinal disorders. Inflammation of the conjunctiva in birds is related to indoor common, especially during the cold season, with cooling, if the cell is close to the vents or the bird is on the draft.

Connecting the eye mucous membrane contact with air and the environment. Therefore, in the conjunctive bags are always a variety of microorganisms. In clinically healthy parrots, for example, is dominated by staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria. By reducing the body’s protective properties of these and other microbes can cause inflammation of the conjunctiva. It develops and diseases of internal organs, beriberi, and – in infectious diseases.

Symptoms. In acute conjunctivitis, mucous membrane reddens and swells, develops photophobia. Therefore, the birds keep your eyes closed or half closed. Discharge from the eye slit first liquid, and later – mucous or thick, opaque and purulent. These secretions accumulate in the inner corner of the eye in the form of clumps or filaments, glue eyelids.

Treatment. His start to eliminate the cause of the disease. Conjunctivitis, which developed because of the cold go away if you put a cell to another place and the bird will stay warm. In order not to happen, “mashing” the eye, you need to constantly monitor the purity of perches. In the event of illness due to improper feeding should begin to give the bird food, which meets the needs of the species.

The eyes of birds washed with fresh urine, the holy water (water with silver).

Diseases caused by adverse temperature conditions.

For too long exposure to cold on the body heat loss compensation is broken. In fish, both cold-blooded animals with falling ambient temperature decreases and body temperature. At the same time inhibited the function of the midbrain (cold anesthesia), and then suppressed by the hypothalamus and other centers of the central nervous system, blood pressure falls, breathing movements gill covers are rare. There is hypoglycemia, ie, decreases the amount of sugar in the blood. The central nervous system is particularly sensitive to the lack of sugar, as it has no glycogen. During prolonged hypoglycemia in nerve cells, irreversible changes. With a deep and prolonged hypothermia decreases the intensity and nature of the changes of metabolism – manifested, for example, anaerobic glycolysis, which goes to the autolysis and death comes first individual cells, and then the whole body.

Resistance to the cooling depends on the state (the total resistance, fatness, age, etc.).The main cause of death of the organism from prolonged hypothermia is considered to tissue hypoxia and irreversible changes in the nervous system. Fish can live for a long time without food, but can not tolerate oxygen deprivation, even for a short period (from several minutes to several hours). In some cases, even in nature there are cases of mass death of fish with a sharp and significant reduction in water temperature (for a day or two), and the reason it is not the freezing of tissue fluid and the cooling of the protoplasm, a violation of the reactivity of the protein, leading to a profound disturbance of metabolism.

Gradual changes in temperature are rarely a threat to the health and lives of fish, while the sharp fluctuations can cause severe stress, resulting in significantly reduced fish resistance to disease. Temperature shock syndrome is well known, and should be avoided. Translate fish from one setting to another should be gradual, so that the temperature difference does not exceed 3-5 ° C.

Temperature not only affects the functioning of the body of fish, but also affects the occurrence of disease may contribute to the development of parasites. It is known that some infectious diseases of fish occur in the relatively cold water (10-12 ° C), the other most urgent occur at higher temperatures (20-25 ° C) – here are aeromonosis (rubella), inflammation of the swim bladder  other. At low water temperatures the fish are suspended or slowed physiological functions of the body, breaks down the nervous system, respiration, circulation, and the formation of blood clots inside the blood vessels in and out, damaged gill apparatus.

Too high water temperature also causes disruption of the body of fish. Thus, even for short periods of high temperature “fired” gill lobes, and the skin appears whitish intense mucosal plaque. Gill petals fish become anemic, covered with slime, there is a rupture of the capillaries, there is bleeding. After some time, is necrotic decay and complete destruction of the gill filaments. On the gills of the affected areas settled saprophytic fungi and bacteria develops the disease process, and there is a fish kill.

Exposure to high temperatures in the presence of other unfavorable factors (especially the accumulation of water in the tank of a large amount of organic matter, high content of ammonia, etc.) causes an outbreak branhiomikoza.  At high water temperatures dramatically exacerbated during aeromonosis (rubella) and swim bladder inflammation, accompanied by mass mortality of fish. In addition, depending on the temperature of the water appear a number of pathogens associated diseases. During the above-mentioned infectious diseases is complicated by the massive development of Ichthyophthirius, Dactylogyrus, and other agents of invasive disease. Some of these parasites are cold-loving, others – heat-loving. So, Costia necatris preferred temperature 10-22 ° C, Ichthyophthirius – 20-26 ° C, Dactylogyrus vestator – 24-28 ° C. At these temperatures, there are outbreaks of epizootic diseases of the: kostioza, ihtioftirioza, dactylogyrosis. All these temperature zones are safe, secure oxygen, carbon dioxide poor water with neutral reaction (pH = 7,0-7,1).

With the deterioration of environmental conditions decreasing the stability of the fish as too high and to very low temperatures. It should also be remembered that with increase in temperature increases the toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms most chemicals.

From the above it follows that the temperature of water is an essential life-sustaining factor in the aquarium, which is the correct use can avoid a lot of trouble for their pets.

Vaccination of dogs: why and how to carry out.

Active prevention of diseases in dogs – tips and warnings

It’s no secret that dogs, like people who are at risk of contracting infectious diseases. Beloved pets await such a dangerous and common viral infections like enteritis, hepatitis, leptospirosis, plague and rabies. Reliable protection from these diseases – preventive vaccination.

The action is to develop a vaccine for dogs long active immunity. Vaccine should be distinguished from serum, which are intended for the treatment of infectious diseases, as initiated by passive immunity for a short time.

Vaccines.

In order not to harm the poor pet vaccination, the vaccine must be purchased in pharmacies and clinics. Domestic and imported vaccines are available in two types: monovalent, containing a vaccine against the disease, and polyvalent – against a few at a time.

Despite the fact that in the first year of life the puppy will have to move 4.5 shots, first make better use of monovalent vaccine. They contribute to the development of a reliable immunity. To support the existing immunity of adult dogs suitable polyvalent vaccine.

Before the vaccine.

At the beginning of life the baby is protected by maternal immunity, which he was still in the embryonic period and then with colostrum. If the month puppy ate exclusively breast milk, and not go outside the apartment, in respect of infectious he is healthy. On the walk baby should be protected from dangerous contact with the environment and keep it on hand. This is extremely important, because you can only vaccinate healthy puppy.

Before you make a good shot to watch the appetite, stool, pet behavior. The temperature ranges from healthy dogs 38-39 degrees. Measure the temperature should be several times a day, not less than 15 minutes after waking up and eating. Such observations will help determine how well the dog suffered a vaccine.

Weakens the body is the presence of a puppy worms, they emit toxins inhibit the immune system. Therefore, prior to vaccination is important to get rid of parasites

When and how to vaccinate dogs.

The first preventive vaccine made against enteritis and hepatitis at the age of six weeks. Approximately two weeks later to repeat vaccination. The same amount of time necessary for sustainable production of immunity in dogs to these diseases for the year. Then, a repeat vaccination. Usually, puppies are easy to carry this vaccine.

No earlier than two and a half months of a puppy vaccinated against plague. Later, the vaccine is dangerous to do. After this vaccination complications are possible, so be a long quarantine period of three weeks, during which pet are immune to the plague. At this time the dog can not walk, run down, too cold, and wash.

When the puppy will grow all the permanent teeth, in about seven months old, vaccinated against distemper repeat. Then do it every year at the same time.

When the dog turns four months, you can vaccinate against leptospirosis. Puppies up to six months, the vaccine is administered again after six months if the dog is older, vaccination is repeated in a year.
Completes an annual list of vaccinations against rabies vaccinations. Allowed to make such a shot with a six-month old, but in practice often comes after eight months, when the booster will be held against the plague. Vaccination against rabies is carried by dogs is not easy. So within two weeks after vaccination is necessary to observe a strict quarantine.
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